Crime Control Of The Police - 884 Words

The paramilitary organization of the police has naturally created a unique police subculture that mimics how it functions. The culture is based upon bravery, secrecy, autonomy and isolation from the outsiders (non-police) (Kappeler et al 2006, 289-91). The organization enforces these traditional and very military-like values because being a police officer is seen as a high honour and a foundation of society: it is held to the highest praise and nobility in society at large. The tremendous pressure from all the different stakeholders (public, government, media, etc) must be acknowledge and afforded its share of the blame. In this age there is a common belief that crime is increasing and that the police are never doing enough to counteract it. The tight crime control policies in this age of information is a rather ridiculous load to bear for police officers who play several roles on the job causing a lot of strain, which only stands to reinforce the culture of solidarity, authorita rianism and segregation. Conversely, pressure cannot be the only factor that hinders the progress of CP initiatives because this reinforced police subculture is a reflection of the organization which has an effect on the activities of its employees (Gultekin 2014, 2). Therefore, the relationship between organization, culture and overall performance and adherence to objectives is rather significant in explaining why this particular organizational model is ineffective. These factors cause aShow MoreRelatedThe Police Visibility and Its Effect in Crime Prevention and Control3160 Words   |  13 PagesTHE POLICE VISIBILITY AND ITS EFFECT IN CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL A Proposed Thesis Study Presented To MR. EDUARDO C. BALUBAL Thesis Instructor In Partial Fulfillment with the Requirements in Research 101 MABBORANG, JAYVINICK BAUSO, ANNALYN G. STO. TOMAS, MAE BULONG, REYNALDO AGGABAO, ALVIN Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction Policing is essentially about communities and for communities. That is why we must always take accountRead MoreThe London Metropolitan Police Act1599 Words   |  7 Pages The London Metropolitan Police Act was passed by Parliament in 1829. This Act created the first legitimate police force composed of salaried police officers’ designated to patrol the city of London. London’s Metropolitan Police force is important to present day crime control in America because it is where the idea of policing in America originated. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, long before crime control measures aroused the attention of Americans technological communications wereRead MoreCrime Control Model And The Due Process Model903 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has two main models, the crime control model and the due process model. There has been several debates on which model is the most effective in combating crime in America. Crime control model emphasizes on crime reduction by increasing prosecution powers (Hung-En, 2006). On the other hand, the due process model of crime control aims at increasing the people’s rights and liberty and limiting governmental powers. Unlike the due process model, the crime control model believes in with an increaseRead MoreA Perceptual Study of the Effects of Hot Spot Policing Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagesexperimental studies that have shaped hot spot policing as a viable and effective policing methodology. It will also examine the current status of hot spot policing , its benefits, and its limitations. Police random preventive patrol by a mobile police force was the hallmark of the Reform Era of policing. Police officers were expected to remain in their â€Å"rolling fortresses,† going from one call to the next with all due haste (Manning, 1971). Officers were evaluated based on outputs, such as miles drivenRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesmain objectives for the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal JusticeRead MoreThe Crime Control Model Is The Most Important Function Of The Criminal Justice System895 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crime Control Model is by far the most important function of the criminal justice system. The crime control model stresses the need for efficiency and speed to generate a high rate of apprehension while dealing with limited resources. In the crime control model a presumption of guilt exists prior to a suspect becoming a defendant. Police departments can exhibit different structures and procedures under the crime control model by adopting the mission of crime prevention and control, using theRead MorePolicing Perspective: Theory and Application679 Words   |  3 Pagespolicing can be conducted by various processes and institutional arrangements or plans. In most cases, policing is carried out by the police, which is a state-organized specialist organization. Due to its incorporation of social functions and use for social order, the concept of policing is regarded more as a social idea that is similar to the general idea of social control. However, this concept does not include of all the activities that are geared towards the achievement of social order. Despite ofRead MorePolice Corruption within XYZ Organization Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesOverview My memorandum is to address the issue of police corruption within xyz organization. Over quite a period of time, my investigation has revealed that police corruption has become a significant problem in this particular organization. We have substantial evidence supporting that members of xyz organization have been participating in protecting illegal activities, receiving payoffs for their cooperation with said activities, extortion, etc. These activities were highlighted as being corruptRead MoreThe Broken Windows Model Of Policing1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe Broken Windows theory predicts that police can most effectively fight crime by focusing their efforts on targeting disorder, minor crimes and nuisance behaviors. The theory has had a positive impact, but has also raised some challenges. The police can play a key role in disrupting this process. If they focus in on disorder and less serious crime in neighborhoods that have not yet been overtaken by serious crime, they can help r educe fear and resident withdrawal. The broken windowsRead MoreThe Crime Control Model1564 Words   |  7 Pages The crime control model and the due process model are two different, yet similar models that was identified by Herbert Pecker and that are used in the criminal justice process. However, how important are these models in the criminal justice process? And is it necessary for us to have both of these models which to an extent performs similar outcomes. To answer these questions this essay will explaining the meaning of these two models, in addition, it will be looking at the differences that there

The Great Depression of America - 514 Words

There was a steel mill company created in the 1900 in Gary by a president of the United States name Elbert H. Gary it was named after him. The steel started getting popular because everyone nationwide was using it to build railroads and homes. There three things they used to make steel such as iron ore, limestone, and coals. There was variety of coals that was used but the only one they use was called coke they had to burn a fuel that turned into coke. In order for them to make it, they had to make the coke burn at an extremely high temperature so they can produce it to melt big quantity of limestone and iron ore. When they both are combined together they would have to heat it at an extremely high temperature, so that the steel they could use can cool directly to the bottom of a kettle and limestone forms so it can circulate it to move continuously or freely through a heated mixture. So they was deciding on where a location they can move a new steel mill. But the plant they building need to be close near an area who have big quantities supplies of iron ore, limestone, and coal that can be easy for them to drop the equipment off that they finished so it can be used. After they built a mill in Gary several other factories and companies started to travel to Gary for products because it became a business that lasted for decades. There was great memories in the 1920s with the great depression that had eventually changed in the 1930s. There were a crash of the stock marketShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of America920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression A major event in American history that has shaped society today is the great depression that began in 1929 and ended in 1939. The official day the stock market crashed was a a day known as â€Å"black Tuesday†. At the time, the American government was not prepared nor did they have policies in place that made them well prepared for such an event to take place. This unfortunate event threw Americans into a an economic crisis unlike any event experienced before in history and leftRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression in America is often believed to have ended when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour and the US entered WWII in December 1941. However, while an exact end date is a matter of debate, it’s obvious the end of the Great Depression correlates somewhat with the beginning of the war, leading many to believe WWII must have ended the Great Depression and triggered the economic recovery of the United States. Many histo rians believe that the government and military spending restimulatedRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America980 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has been around for many years and during those years people of America have experienced horrible times and fantastic times. There were the world wars, and there were the roaring twenties when America was the fastest growing. After the roaring twenties the American economy took a turn for the worse. After such a prosperous decade, when America went into the depression people were not ready for such a drastic change. Many people didn’t understand how it occurred, but now we have a better understandingRead MoreAmerica in the Great Depression1370 Words   |  5 Pagesdecade, from 1929 to 1940, America’s economy failed to operate at a level that allowed most Americans to attain economic success. A worldwide depression struck countries with market economies at the end of the 1920s. Although the Great Depression was relatively mild in some countries, it was severe in others, especially in the United States. The Great Depression left the American economy in ruins with problems that would take decades to fix. Government involvement increased in an effort to reconstructRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America3487 Words   |  14 Pages The Great Depression If one asks most Americans their opinion about when our nations’ economy crashed the most severely, they would most likely say the period between October 1929, until 1930 when the United States went through the great depression. The great depression was a time where people lost nearly everything, from houses and farms, to families and children. People were starving and left out in the cold. The worst part about this was that once people lost their belongings, they were goneRead MoreThe Great Depression Changed America845 Words   |  4 PagesEssay The Great Depression changed our whole society but not in a bad way. The drop of the stock market gave buyers two choices; work harder to earn their money back or give up. After families lost most of their money they gave up and couldn’t provide for themselves. The Great Depression has majorly affected our current world. The Great Depression had shown how big companies affected America, how much the Executive branches power had grown and how the bank could not always be trusted. The Great DepressionRead MoreThe Great Depression Trademarks America1544 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Depression trademarks America at its all-time historical down point. In FDR’s Folly, Powell spotlights the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, astronomical levels of unemployment, as well as the New Deal program developed to combat the Great Depression. Powell, who was born and educated in London, earned a master’s degree in history and he clearly demonstrates his views to the reader. In his words, FDR’s presidency did not aid the economic state but drove it further back as well asRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects On America2001 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Depression was an incredibly dull time in the historical backdrop of the United States, impacting all the financial assets of the American lifestyle. The Great Depression shattered the financial status of the United States. President Roosevelt has been known for sparing the U.S out of the financial turmoil it found itself in from the Great Depression. The causative components of t he Great Depression are still up for debate by many students of history and economics. For some individualsRead More The Great Depression in America Essay2388 Words   |  10 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Great Depression was a huge economic downfall in North America and involved many other industrialized countries of the world. The Depression began in 1929 and lasted for about ten years. Millions of people lost their jobs along with many businesses going bankrupt. The common misconception of the Great Depression is people think that the stock market crash was the main cause for it. There were many causes for the Depression; unequal distribution of money during theRead MoreEssay on America and the Great Depression1882 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica and the Great Depression 1. Compare the ideas behind the protest movements of Huey Long and Upton Sinclair. The Era of the Great Depression was one of both desperation and hope. Americans were desperate for a change, desperate for anything to come along that may improve their situation, yet hopeful that the light at the end of the tunnel was near. For many of those living in poverty during the 1930s, the â€Å"radical† leftist movements seen throughout the country appeared to be alternatives

ENGLISH TODAY AND TOMORROW VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Essay Example For Students

ENGLISH TODAY AND TOMORROW VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Essay Once a vast Empire, The United Kingdom hashad a huge cultural, sociological and economicimpact onits former colonies or members of community we call the Commonwealth. We are going to touch upon one of the mainconsequencesof the colonial era the English language.In many places where the British (English) had an influence, English still today functions as theofficial, often native language,of course with some amendments made to fit the locals. Additionally, someplace else, English is further used as thelingua franca, where this term is also known asthe commonor vehicular language used to make communication possible between people who do not share a native language. We can see this for instance in Nigeria, where different places and tribes use their own means of communication and speak English to understand each other. The next role of the English language is that it functions as aninternational language.With the United States of Americasleading rolein the worlds economy and the Unite d Kingdom following slightly behind,international companies and trade dealers use English as their means of communicationtogether with French and sometimes Spanish. Why? The English language is one of the easier ones to learn as a foreigner without keeping you up all night. We will write a custom essay on ENGLISH TODAY AND TOMORROW VARIETIES OF ENGLISH specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As for the present-day geographical distribution of English, it is spoken now on all the continents withoutexception and it is the third mostly spoken language in the world with only Chinese () and Spanish () being the first two. As I mentioned earlier, this distribution goes back to the colonial times and nowadays we can distinguish four geographical groups as follows: First being the group in British Isles including England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland. The second group functions in America, consisting of the United States, Canada and The Caribbean. Third English language group is in Africa and West, East and South parts of Africa are its subsets. Last group is spoken in the Pacific and is divided into South Asia, Australia and New Zealand and the Pacific Islands.Withthat being said, wecan consider Britain and America the two main distinct groups for the English language. Foreach there is a set standard of formal language: In Britain, this is called theReceived Pronunciationand in America we talk aboutGeneral American.Received Pronunciationis theaccentofStandard Englishin theUnited Kingdomand is definedas the standard accent of English as spoken in thesouth of England,although it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales.The study of RP is concerned exclusively with pronunciation, whereasStandard English,the Queens English,Oxford English, andBBC Englishare also concerned with matters such as grammar, vocabulary and style. An individual using RP will typically speakStandard English, although the converse or inverse is not necessarily true. The standard language may be pronounced with a regional accent and the contrapositive is usually correct. It is very unlikely that someonespeaking RP would use it to speak a regional dialect.General American differs from the RP in the fact that it is widely used by majority of Americans, when, on the other hand, RP is only used by the small minority. This general separation to groups is a one type, the other, also very important distinction in the English language, isthe division between anaccentand a dialect.And since in Britain there is a very visible social stratification, wherepeople are often able to make instant and unconscious judgements about a strangers class affiliationon the basis ofhis or her accent, it is important.Wehave todifferentiate between words people use (= dialect) and the sounds they make, their pronunciation. Accent, or pronunciation, is a special element of a dialect that needs separate attention to be properly understood. A famous distinction in pronunciation in England is the so-called BATH vowel, the quality of the a sound differing between north and south. For example, someone from Leeds, in the north of England, would typically pronounce bath with the short a of cat, whereas someone from Oxford, in the south of England, would typically pronounce bath with the long a of father. Another distinction, still more significant on the world stage, concerns t he issue ofrhoticity, i.e.whether or nota written r is sounded when it follows a vowel, for example in the words car and butter. Whilst most people in England and Wales do not pronounce the r (and are thereforenon-rhotic), many in South-West England and parts of Lancashire do. In this they are joined by most Scots and Irish speakers of English, and bythe majority ofNorth Americans. Rhoticity is in fact numerically and geographically the dominant form in world terms. .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a , .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .postImageUrl , .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a , .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a:hover , .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a:visited , .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a:active { border:0!important; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a:active , .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c5bc1e3ab58a97677d2d44f8438174a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of Speech Argumentative Essay The standards are set but with the English language changing all the time,what will happen next, over time? There mightbesomemodification in through television and radio that may bringtheBritish English more into line withtheAmerican English. Further, it may help to narrow the gap between pronunciation and spelling. Other factors will also contribute toward the narrowing of this gap: advanced technological education, computer programming, machine translation, and expanding mass media.Non-standard or non-RP usages will becomeanorm when more people or the majority will start relying onthem. Progressives will see all these as linguistic dev elopment or evolution and some errors will no longer be considered as such.

Philosophy In Religion Essays - Fiction, Fictional Cyborgs

Philosophy In Religion We live in a society, which relies on fairy tales and mythology to entertain and take us off to a far away place where we can identify with our imagination. The Star Wars trilogy is a classic example of the hero cycle. A young man is brought up believing the light side of the force is his destiny. It has an old warrior, which teaches young Luke an ancient craft that has been used for centuries to battle evil. Luke is told about his father and how he was a great Jedi Knight, how he was killed by a man named Darth Vader, but fails to tell him that the fate of the galaxy lies on his shoulders. Luke grows wise but still cocky and bull headed much like Oedipus Rex. Young Luke Skywalker sees his mentor get taken down by the same man who killed his father thus giving birth to his inner dark side. He is yet to see the need for a balance of the two forces. Luke develops many friendships and is forced to choose whether or not he wants to complete his training with his new mentor Yoda, or watch his friends die in trying to defeat the Empire and Darth Vader. He ignores all that he was taught by Obi wan and Yoda and decides to take his destiny in his own hands and confront Vader and save his friends. In doing this rebellion to the light side of the force, Luke can now feel the power of having the light side and the dark. During his battle with Vader, Luke can see that there is a transformation of the villain. What was once a cold and dark character, Lord Vader now has a compassion for his son. Though Luke is blinded and stubborn for the light side of the force, is actions are now balanced between the two forces. Vader now starts to see compassion for his son, who is forced to do battle not by his own will. Vader then offers an ultimatum for his son who is to join with him to defeat the emperor and rule the universe. Luke denies his father and descends into his own darkness when he finds out Vader is his father, this symbolizes the death period in the fairy tale. The resurrection of Skywalker in Return of the Jedi shows that Luke realizes that he has the power to defeat the Emperor and maybe bring back his father to the light side of the force. When he confronts his enemies, Luke almost makes the decent into the darkness as he battles his father. He realizes that the rage that is controlling him is the dark side. Luke stops the battle after he sees that Vader's chopped hand is just like his own and he knows the two are both alike. Luke can see that he will soon become just like his father. As the aggravated Emperor starts to kill Luke, Vader goes through his own resurrection. With this compassion for his son, Lord Vader throws the Emperor to his death. Saving his son showing us that there is still good in him. The light side of the force is not completely out Vader. The cycle that these characters in the story Star Wars take, is a life-death cycle. They choose between which side of life to live. Campbell's idea that both the light and dark side is in a way diseased shows that a balance must be present. The light side is constantly in control and more of a thanatos way, whereas the dark side is in chaos and an eros view. The balance between the two is cyclical approach to life. There are ups and downs to everything of nature. As Yoda said, "there is no try only do." A true jedi must confront the dark side of the force in order to see what the light side has.

Basic Business Essay

Basic Business Essay Basic Business Essay Commerce Notes Elements of Business Plan * A business plan is a formal statement, or series of statements, clearly identifying the objectives and goals of a business and outlining the strategies to be used in order to achieve these aims. * A business plan aims to set out steps which must be taken if a business is to achieve its objectives. * The plan is continually evaluated and adjusted as the circumstances change and as the business grows. * A business plan lays the foundation upon which a business can begin or grow. * There are two types of business plans: * Informal planning – Is planning that is not written down. Common in small businesses, where planned direction of the business is known only by the owner or is communicated to employees by word of mouth. Often leads to misunderstandings, as not everyone is clear of the company’s direction or how it plans to get there. * Formal planning – Involves a series of documents which are generally given to employees, detailing the goals of the business and the strategies which will be used to achieve them. * Formal planning range in length from short-term plans (less than one year) to medium term plans (between one and five years), to long term plans (more than five years). * Business planning becomes more complex the larger a business becomes. â€Å"If you fail to plan, you plan to fail† Top Ten Tips for Writing a Business Plan 1. Write from the audience’s perspective

Boat Slip Terminology and Use

Boat Slip Terminology and Use There are many terms for parts of a boat, the way a boat is operated, and the facilities used to store and service a boat. Wow, it’s a lot to learn and many of the people you encounter expect you to know all of these things. If you want to get a good start in the marine industry, a recreational facility is a great place to start. For the best chance of getting one of these jobs, you should know something about boat slips and dockage. An administrative person can fill a couple of sentences with enough terminology to confuse anyone who is more familiar with dry land than open waters. This can happen when you first start out your marine career adventure. It will also occur when you venture out to neighboring ports as you become more versatile. Of course, you know your own home base marina and slip configuration, but can you understand questions marina staff might ask while traveling? Is the slip appropriate for your needs? On which side will you tie up? What tying fixtures are present? What kind of improvements need to be made? Don’t worry it’s all fairly easy to understand. Dock Structure Large dock facilities are made up of one or more main docks connected to a face wall on shore. They come in two types, fixed and floating. Floating docks are usually connected to shore with hinged ramps which allow the docks to rise and fall with tides or changing water levels. Fixed docks are firmly attached to the shore and to support structures that are anchored underwater. The main docks project out from the face wall and each main dock hosts many smaller and narrower docks called finger piers. These finger piers divide the slip areas and provide a way to walk from the boat to the main dock. At the end of each finger pier and along the main dock are tall posts called piles. One or two extra piles also divide the area between two finger piers. These piles are only for tying, they dont carry a finger pier. Rarely, a slip will have a finger pier on each side of the slip space, but most facilities use the more efficient single side variety. Tying up the Boat Those two middle piles and the finger piers, with their piles, form a rectangle. This is the space where your boat should remain under all conditions. To assure it stays in position, it needs to be tied properly. There will be a few different places to tie the four standard dock lines, plus some tying fixtures for extra lines needed in windy or stormy conditions. A boat is very secure when all eight lines are properly rigged and tied. The names of the lines describe their position and function. The port and starboard bowlines connect to large loose rings at the front corners of the rectangle. The port and starboard stern lines connect to the outer pile and the pile at the end of the finger pier. This is secure, but the boat will still twist side to side and could strike the stern against the pier of pile in strong winds. To eliminate the twist, spring lines are attached to the stern cleats and either run forward and tied to the cleat in the middle of the finger pier, or all the way forward to the rings where the bowlines are tied. This process can be repeated with spring lines from the bow in the most extreme weather. Bumpers and other padding can customize a dock to protect a specific boat. Sometimes large rollers are added to guide boats into slips where space is tight. The classic mariners book The Ashley Book of Knots is still in print and makes a great addition to any bookshelf for the history lessons alone, and you will learn many knots and splices as well. Away From Home Port If you are traveling and visit a marina, you can rent a transient slip. A transient slip is one that is rented regularly or it may be a slip which is vacant for a week because the regular tenant is also out traveling. Most marinas have a provision which allows them to rent any slip which is going to be vacant for more than a couple of days. If you find yourself putting another boater in someone’s regular slip be sure and leave it as it was found. Once a boater requests a slip to fit the length and beam of the boat, as well as the amount of time needed, you should record the information. Then let the boater know the number and location of the slip and whether it is a port or starboard side tie up. This means that the finger pier will either be located on the port or starboard side. This is where someone can secure the boat while setting up other temporary lines. The finger pier will have cleats which are shaped like a short and wide capital letter T. There are usually three or four with one on each end of the pier and at least one in the middle. On fixed construction docks it’s okay to just tie up to the finger pier unless the weather is very bad. If bad weather strikes you will need to move the boat away from the pier to avoid damage from rubbing. Temporary dock lines are just like your permanent lines on a sailors home dock but the lengths will be different so four lines half the length of your boat, and four lines the length of your boat should be in every boat inventory. Having a few extras around is a good idea in case one is lost, damaged, or left behind by the visitor. Shore Power Ratings Shore power comes in two sizes, one for regular boats and one for very large boats with lots of power requirements. A twenty-amp connection is equivalent to one standard 120-volt household outlet.  For boats with full-size galleys or combination heating and air conditioning units, you will need a 240 volt, fifty amp connection, and appropriate power cord. Not all slips have both options so be sure to find out what power option is needed. Its also a good idea to know how someone might describe the plug configuration if they dont know the rating. Source Ashley, Clifford W. The Ashley Book of Knots. 1st edition, Doubleday Company, 1993.

Physical education lesson plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Physical education lesson plan - Essay Example Teaching and Learning Materials: Ropes, Flexaform (a very wide mattress for landing where there is no sand or snow pit); Two standing posts (poles) for rope height adjustment; Tape measure; Charts showing the fields. (a) perform the warm up exercises with 100% accuracy; (b) increase their level of fitness by running while carrying their friends or something on their backs; (c) participate in lead-up games and activities to prepare them to dance Ballet; (d) master the rules of playing ballet; (e) dance ballet in response to music; (f) demonstrate cooperation by dancing uniformly with others. in preparation for a Mini Ballet dance competition. The students get into groups and positions and play the game while the teacher observes, records performance and helps those who are still having difficulties. (a) perform the warm up exercises with 100% accuracy; (b) increase their level of fitness by sprinting one lap around the field track without stopping; (c) participate in lead-up activities to prepare them for playing football; (d) dodge opponents actively; (e) pass the basket ball to others; (f) shoot the basket ball correctly; (g) and run actively all through the game. (a) perform the warm up and cool down exercises with 100% accura... Teaching and Learning Materials: Ropes, Flexaform (a very wide mattress for landing where there is no sand or snow pit); Two standing posts (poles) for rope height adjustment; Tape measure; Charts showing the fields. Presentation (Lesson Procedure) (a) Introduction (Warm up Activities) (5 minutes) > Jogging at the spot; Press ups (Push ups); Ascending and Descending Stairs orhighland whilst running; (b) Development (Main Activity) (40 minutes) Step 1: The teacher explains rules of performing long and high jumps, with simple demonstrations. Students listen, take down the points. Step 2: The teachers demonstrates how to perform long jump. Students listen, watch and later line up to practice. Step 3: The teacher demonstrates how to perform high jump. Students listen, watch and line up to practice. Step 4: The teacher sets a Long Jump mini competition in which every student participates. As they jump, he observes and takes down the lengths of the jumps for each student. He also pays close attention to the performance of those with health problems. (c) Conclusion (Cool down) (5 minutes) > Foot rotating; Waist bending and rotating; Chin ups and downs Lesson #3: Physical Education: Gymnastics: Ballet Dance. Number of Students: 20 Specific Objectives (Short Term): By the end of this lesson, students will (a) perform the warm up exercises with 100% accuracy; (b) increase their level of fitness by running while carrying their friends or something on their backs; (c) participate in lead-up games and activities to prepare them to dance Ballet; (d) master the rules of playing ballet; (e) dance

Post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post - Assignment Example On the same note, some questions were surprising, especially those that were out of context by regional and national boundaries. This is due to the fact that there are certain nature variables that may not be of interest to an individual but impacts significantly to nature. For instance, country interdependence is primarily viewed as an enterprising activity (Laposata & Pratte 355). However, ecological footprint has a different idea on the same matter and in the context of nature. The calculator asked about percentage of processed and packaged rather than locally grown food. This is because; the processing of packaging of food is characterized by activities that heighten humanity’s demands on nature than growing of food locally. This shows that an individual has demands on nature both locally and beyond borders, since processed and packaged foods are not necessarily locally produced. In the determining ecological footprint, the calculator should also take into account professional advice on humanity-nature relationships. In doing so, the results produced are likely to be more accurate, rather than point in time approximations of humanity’s demands on

Cotton Essay Example for Free

Cotton Essay One of the similarities between Japan and India’s mechanization of the cotton industry from the 1880s to the 1930s is the production of cotton and yarn went up with the use of machines. One difference is more men worked in India than Japan. The first topic for discussion will be about how the workers in Indian and Japanese textile factories are different, (Docs: 4, 7, 8, and 10). The second grouping will discuss hand vs. machine (Docs: 1, 2, and 6. ) The last topic for discussion will be about both Japan and India’s low wages. An additional document that would be helpful would be one from a male worker in India. With this document we can see their point of view of working in the factory, to see if they enjoy it, or if maybe they were treated cruelly. Another beneficial document would have been from a parent of one of the female workers. This way we can see what the parents have to say about their child working in a cotton mill. Documents 4, 7, 8, and 10 all show that the workers in textile factories are different. There is a chart (Doc 7) that compares the amount of female cotton textile workers in Japan and India. It shows that over three-fourths were women in Japan, and less than one-fourth of Indian laborers were women. Another way this document helps show the difference of workers between Japanese and Indian textile factories is that in Japan the percent of women workers slightly increases over the years 1920-1930. In India, the percent of female workers from 1909-1934 decreases, meaning women didn’t work as much in factories. Because India was so patriarchal the women’s job was to stay home and take care of the house. Document 4 is a written concern about how there are many women working in Japanese textile mills. Documents 8 and 10 both consist of a picture from a Japanese cotton mill (Doc 8), and an Indian textile mill (Doc 10). The Japanese mill (Doc 8) illustrates a couple of women working and two or three men just sitting there (most likely supervising. ) However in difference to Japan, the Indian mill (Doc 10) shows only male workers, this helps prove that more men worked than women in Indian textile mills. One should approach document 8 with caution because the source seems to be unreliable. The photo is from and official company history, meaning the picture was most likely staged to make it look like a superior place to work. Not only are Japan and India different when it comes to who works in their textile factories, documents 1, 2, and 6 help show how their cotton industries are similar, (Doc 1) is a chart of the production of cotton yarn and cloth in India. One should take into account the point of view of this source because it was gathered by British Colonial authorities. The source seems reliable since they are talking about India’s statistics and not their own. Also the data looks reasonable and not over exaggerated. The source of this document most likely composed this chart to help show how the use of machines helped increase Indian textiles. Japan’s textile chart (Doc 2) combined both hand and machine spun statistics. Even though they were combined there was still a rapid increase of production of cotton yarn. (Doc 6) was written by and Indian economist and it talks about how there has been a rapid decline of hand woven cloth makers and they can’t compete with machine woven cloth. All these documents help illustrate how India and Japan’s textile industries are similar due to the use of machines. Lastly we will discuss similarities in the pay and wages of the cotton industry workers in Japan and India (Docs: 3, 5, and 9) (Doc 3) talks about how two Japanese women worked in a textile factory when they were younger and the first year they were not paid, the second year their parents got 35 yen an the following year 50 yen. The point of view expressed in this document is of interest because it was written by Tsurumi Shunsuke, Japanese industrialist. The source seems unreliable because it says there are surplus of workers and they come from the over abundance of people working on their own land. Also it says, â€Å"All he or she has to do is earn enough to maintain his or her own living. † The money usually goes towards the family not to the worker. I think he is writing to get people to work for him and doesn’t want to be accused as being cheap. Not only is the pay low for Japanese textile laborers, it is the same for Indian workers as well. (Doc 9) â€Å"Wages are low, and there has been no significant change in wages over the last decades. † The mechanization of the cotton industry grew in the 1880s to the 1930s in Japan and India. The women in Japan worked in harsher conditions than the men in India, Both Japan and India’s cotton industries used peasant labor.

Three Threats to the Sustainability of Forests Essay -- Deforestation E

When speaking about the sustainability of forests, sustainability itself must first be defined. The concept of sustainability is not easily defined in a single sentence or even in several sentences. As quoted by Steve Nix (n.d.), the British Columbia Forest Service defines sustainability as the integration of 3 elements, the environment, the economy and the social system, into a single system that can be maintained in a healthy state indefinitely. To achieve and maintain this delicate balance, many different factors within those 3 elements are required to work together in unison. With so many factors working toward creating a balance there would ultimately be factors working against and threatening the balance of sustainability. The temperate forest biome is home to most of the world’s industrialized nations including the United States, Canada, China and Russia. In this biome, there are three main threats to the sustainability of forests: overuse, pollution and the sustained u se of traditional methods. As with many elements in nature, these three threats are both significant individually and also interconnected. In the modern industrial age, everything is about making a profit. Manufacturers of consumer products strive to maximize their production of products at the same time reduce the cost of production. Because most of the world’s industrialized nations are populated in the temperate mixed forest biome, the actions of these manufacturers directly impact and threat the sustainability of forests on a much larger scale than most other parts of the world. Manufacturers find the cheapest and easiest way to obtain energy and raw materials for production. Because alternative sustainable sources of energy are more expensive, manufactu... ...ilable at: [Accessed 25 October 2010] Ontario Nature, 2010. Threats to the Boreal Forest. [online] Available at: [Accessed 27 October 2010] Hanlon, et al., n.d. Endgame Dealing with Decline. [online] Glasgow: University of Glasgow. Available at: [Accessed 27 October 2010] A. et al., 1998. Shades of Green: Earth’s Forests. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 October 2010] Government of Ontario, 2010. Landfills, Garbage, Incinerators, Recycling and Composting. [online] Available at: [Accessed Nov 15 2010]

Differences Between Associate Degree Nurse and Baccalaureate Degree Nurse Essay

There are several benefits of having a baccalaureate-degree (BSN) over the associate’s degree (ADN). In this essay, I will discuss how effective communication can be further developed when obtaining the BSN. Next, I will talk about how a BSN can create a more highly qualified nursing workforce. Lastly, it will be explained that getting a BSN will create better career and higher education opportunities. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION â€Å"Communication is central to human interaction. Without it, people cannot relate to those around them, make their needs and concerns known or make sense of what is happening to them. One of the most basic goals for nursing staff is that their patients and clients and those who care for them experience effective communication†, (Wallis, 2011, p. 35). Effective communication can be further developed by obtaining a BSN and can ultimately lead you to be a better nurse, leader, and professional. Being a nurse of any level, you are communicating important information regarding the patient. If your report is not thorough, you may miss vital pieces of information pertaining to your patients care. It will build a more trusting relationship between your patients, co-workers and supervisors. HIGHLY QUALIFIED NURSING WORKFORCE BSN level nurses will provide a better program than the ADN level nurses with their increase level of critical thinking and using evidence based practice. â€Å"The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), the national voice for baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs, believes that education has a significant impact on the knowledge and competencies of the nurse clinician, as it does for all healthcare providers† (Fact Sheet, 2012, p. 1). The BSN increases knowledge in psychology, science, sociology, and management. The BSN applies the knowledge that they have learned. With the increase of knowledge in management, they will be able to prioritize and organize the workload of the patients. With the increase of science they will have a better understanding of how the body works and use critical care assessments of the patient with evidence based practice. This will improve patient safety and the care of the patient. The BSN nurses will be more educated in the differences in patient’s culture and way of thinking due to their increase in psychology and sociology. BSN level will have better outcomes for the patient thus leading to lower mortality rates. â€Å"In the October 2012 issue of Medical Care, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania found that surgical patients in Magnet hospitals had 14% lower odds of inpatient death within 30 days, and 12% lower odds of failure-to-rescue compared with patients cared for in non-Magnet hospitals. The study authors conclude that these better outcomes were attributed in large part to investments in highly qualified and educated nurses, including a higher proportion of baccalaureate prepared nurses† (Fact Sheet, 2012, p. 1). As an example of a patient care situation, two men came into the ER with gunshot wounds, one to the leg and the other to the abdomen. The ADN nurse went straight to the man with the abdomen gunshot, not noticing the man with a gunshot wound to the leg was not breathing. The bullet had hit his popliteal artery; therefore he had lost too much blood to survive. The nurse should have done her quick assessment correctly as evidence based practice has shown. This goes to show that using critical care thinking and evidence based theory not only end in better outcomes but also can saves patients lives. HIGHER EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES A BSN degree is essential if you want to move to a leadership or management role. Leadership skills are essential when you are a charge nurse, on a committee or in administration. A BSN education will provide you with confidence to excel in these settings. â€Å"The nation’s Magnet hospitals, which are recognized for nursing excellence and superior patient outcomes, have moved to require all nurse managers and nurse leaders to hold a baccalaureate or graduate degree in nursing by 2013. Settings applying for Magnet designation must also show what plans are in place to achieve the IOM recommendation of having an 80% baccalaureate prepared RN workforce by 2020† (Fact Sheet, 2012, p. 3). One more advantage of baccalaureate-degree program is that it is a bridge for master’s degree level. CONCLUSION BSN level nurses will provide a better program than the ADN level nurses. Critical thinking, communication, and leading are imperative to the nursing career. â€Å"Professionalism, ethical decision making, accountability, critical thinking, and effective communication are emphasized. This is achieved through the application of liberal arts constructs, science, health and nursing theories, and the values of the Christian faith within the scope of nursing knowledge and evidence-based practice† (Philosophy, p. 1). Education is the key for success and better outcome of patients.

Old town white coffee research Essay

This is where Nanxiang Cafà ©, the previous name of Old Town White Coffee, started its business. Mr. Ng, who found the cafà © in 1948. Old town White Coffee 3in1 classic together with the original recipe from 1958 spearheaded a breakthrough in the coffee industry. The company single-handedly captured the original authentic taste of an otherwise localized white coffee, turning into a mobile commodity a fast moving consumer good (FMCG), capturing the South East Asia market. Old Town White Coffee (OTWC) company was began in 1999, started as a classic coffee shop of White Cafà © in Ipoh, Malaysia. With the inspiration of vision and passion to make and serve fine coffee to Malaysian household and food service industry, the founder and executive director, Mr. Goh Ching Mun and Mr. Tan Say Yup created a secret of Old Town 3-in-1 instant white coffee. After launching OLD TOWN Brand, the company strives to be Malaysia Leading White Coffee producer with profitable growth through a combination of organic growth coupled and strong aftermarket business. HISTORY In year 1999 old town successful commercialized 3 in 1 coffee mix under the ‘OLDTOWN’ brand name for the retail sector . In year 2000 old town commenced 1st export of the old town brand 3 in 1 instant coffee mix to Singapore. In year 2001 old town expanded instant coffee mix’s product line to include different variation expanded their export market to H.K In year 2002 old town expanded their nationwide retail distribution to cover east and west Malaysia via hypermarkets and supermarkets. In year 2003 OLDTOWN commercialized their own formulated blend of 3 in 1 instant milk tea In year 2004 OLDTOWN successfully manufactured roasted coffee powder for the food services sector and marketed to the retail sector under ‘NAN YANG’ brand penetrated the exort markets for our instant coffee mix to cover the United State and U.K. In year 2005 OLDTOWN started exporting instant coffee mix to Taiwan and Indonesia expanded vertically into the foodservices sector by opening a chain of cafà © outlets based on the traditional Ipoh coffee shop setting and ambience under the ‘OLDTOWN WHITE COFEE’ brand name. In year 2006 OLDTOWN expanded their export market for their instant coffee mix to include Canada and china. In year 2007 OLDTOWN started exporting instant coffee mix to Thailand and Philippines . In year 2008 OLDTOWN launch their 1st partially owned ‘OLDTOWN WHITE COFFEE’ cafà © outlet in Singapore In year 2009 OLDTOWN expanded into the ready to drink RTD market segment under the ‘OLDTOWN’ brand name. In year 2010 OLDTOWN commenced operation of fully owned cafà © outlets in Singapore started exporting instant coffee mix to Australia. In year 2011 they commenced cafà © operations under PT OLDTOWN Indonesia opened the first cafà © outlet in China. CEO OF OLD TOWN WHITE COFFEE Lee Siew Heng, a Malaysian, aged 46, is the Group Managing Director of Oldtown Berhad and also one (1) of the two (2) first Directors of Oldtown Berhad, since its incorporation on 30 November 2007. He is also a member of the Remuneration Committee. He brings with him invaluable industry experience, having accumulated more than 20 years of experience in the manufacturing and retailing industries, of which more than 10 years is in the coffee beverage industry. He has been instrumental in the growth and development of the Oldtown Group of companies and has been a key driving force in the expansion of the Group’s beverage manufacturing and cafà © chain operation businesses. As the Group Managing Director, he is currently responsible for the overall strategic direction and overall management of the Oldtown Group of companies. Upon completion of his secondary education in 1986, he started his career as Production Manager of Chong Ngai Knitting Factory Sdn Bhd, a company involved in the manufacturing of garments. In 1991, as General Manager, he was responsible for the overall operations of the said company. He left the company in 1997 to join CN Supplies Sdn Bhd, a company which was then involved in the trading of hotel supplies, where he was appointed as a Director, a position which he still holds todate.

Free Essays on Spank Or Not To Spank

A young boy about six years old in the supermarket is screaming, crying, and pulling on his mothers leg to purchase a piece of candy. His mother simply tells him â€Å"stop it, stop it, stop it or you will have to go into time out,† but this has no effect on the little boy’s fierce tantrum. Most parents would not put up with that kind of behavior from their children, although what kind of discipline would be appropriate? Spanking is a type of discipline that will be beneficial for a child when applied correctly and in certain circumstances because it, will teach them consequences of their own actions, increase their respect for authority, does not contribute to anti social behavior, and will aid in the reduction of flair up child abuse. Spanking is not a form of discipline that should be used as an everyday disciplinary action, but as said by Dr. John Rosemond, a family psychologist, in an interview with Talk of the Nation â€Å"spanking is, at times, with certain children and certain situations, absolutely the best disciplinary response† (Melenda Penkava 2). Before spanking is employed other routes of dealing with bad behavior should be tried such as warnings, raised voice, time outs, and so on. Spankings should be the last resort and not acted out as a violent lashing toward the child. A non-abusive spanking is one or two swats to the rear end of child with a hand, not with the intention of inflicting pain but with the intention of correcting and getting a clear message across to the child (Penkava 3). There are some guidelines to spanking that studies show to be essential in the effectiveness in the discipline of a child. The use of physical punishment on a child under 18 months old or at the age of puberty is shown to be unsuccessful but rather is more productively administered when the child is two to six years old. Studies done by Diana Baumrind PHD, who has published a series of studies on the relation between parent... Free Essays on Spank Or Not To Spank Free Essays on Spank Or Not To Spank A young boy about six years old in the supermarket is screaming, crying, and pulling on his mothers leg to purchase a piece of candy. His mother simply tells him â€Å"stop it, stop it, stop it or you will have to go into time out,† but this has no effect on the little boy’s fierce tantrum. Most parents would not put up with that kind of behavior from their children, although what kind of discipline would be appropriate? Spanking is a type of discipline that will be beneficial for a child when applied correctly and in certain circumstances because it, will teach them consequences of their own actions, increase their respect for authority, does not contribute to anti social behavior, and will aid in the reduction of flair up child abuse. Spanking is not a form of discipline that should be used as an everyday disciplinary action, but as said by Dr. John Rosemond, a family psychologist, in an interview with Talk of the Nation â€Å"spanking is, at times, with certain children and certain situations, absolutely the best disciplinary response† (Melenda Penkava 2). Before spanking is employed other routes of dealing with bad behavior should be tried such as warnings, raised voice, time outs, and so on. Spankings should be the last resort and not acted out as a violent lashing toward the child. A non-abusive spanking is one or two swats to the rear end of child with a hand, not with the intention of inflicting pain but with the intention of correcting and getting a clear message across to the child (Penkava 3). There are some guidelines to spanking that studies show to be essential in the effectiveness in the discipline of a child. The use of physical punishment on a child under 18 months old or at the age of puberty is shown to be unsuccessful but rather is more productively administered when the child is two to six years old. Studies done by Diana Baumrind PHD, who has published a series of studies on the relation between parent...

Photosynthesis Equation What Is It How Does It Work

Photosynthesis Equation What Is It How Does It Work SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The word photosynthesis comes from two Greek words: photo, meaning â€Å"light†, and synthesis, meaning â€Å"put together.† Looking at that those two roots, we have a good idea of what happens during the chemical process of photosynthesis: plants put together water and carbon dioxide with light to create glucose and oxygen. In this article, we’ll break down what photosynthesis is, why photosynthesis is important, and discuss the chemical equation for photosynthesis: what it is and what each part of it means. What Is Photosynthesis? Put simply - photosynthesis is how plants, algae, and certain types of bacteria harness energy from sunlight to create chemical energy for themselves to live. There are two main types of photosynthesis: oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Oxygenic photosynthesis is more common - that’s the type we see in plants and algae. Anoxygenic photosynthesis mainly occurs in bacteria. In oxygenic photosynthesis, plants use light energy to combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). This chemical reaction produces carbohydrates for the plants to consume and oxygen, which is released back into the air. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is very similar - but it doesn’t produce oxygen. We’ll be focusing on the more common type of photosynthesis, oxygenic photosynthesis, for the rest of this article. Why Is Photosynthesis Important? Photosynthesis is important for a few reasons: First, it produces energy that plants need to live. The resulting carbohydrates provide plants with the energy to grow and live. Second, photosynthesis helps take in the carbon dioxide produced by breathing organisms and convert that into oxygen, which is then reintroduced back into the atmosphere. Basically, with photosynthesis, plants are helping produce the oxygen that all living things need to breathe and survive. Photosynthesis Equation Here is the chemical equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 12H2O + Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Photosynthesis Formula Breakdown Now that we know what the photosynthesis equation is, let’s break down each piece of the photosynthesis formula. On the reactants side, we have: 6CO2 = Six molecules of carbon dioxide 12H2O = Twelve molecules of water Light Energy = Light from the sun On the products side, we have: C6H12O6 = glucose 6O2 = six molecules of oxygen 6H2O = six molecules of water As we learned earlier, the glucose will be used by the plant as energy. The oxygen and water will be released back into the atmosphere to help other living things. What You Need to Know About the Photosynthesis Formula During photosynthesis, plants use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose, oxygen, and water. Photosynthesis is important because it provides plants with the energy they need to survive. It also releases needed oxygen and water back into the atmosphere. What's Next? Are you studying clouds in your science class? Get help identifying the different types of cloudswith our expert guide. Working on a research paper but aren't sure where to start?Then check out our guide, where we've collected tons of high-quality research topics you can use for free. Need help with English class- specifically with identifying literary devices in texts you read? Then you'll definitely want to take a look at our comprehensive explanation of the most important literary devices and how they're used.

Refugee and migration movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refugee and migration movements - Essay Example Together with the converted people, they could now hold public prayers in unison. This in turn led to more oppression of the Muslim faithful by the Quaraysh (Rawley and Stephen). The early migration made numerous people be converted to Islam, and this gave them more harmony. They could now speak one voice and be united against the oppression they were facing. This harmony made them regroup and go fight for their land of Mecca that had being occupied by their enemies. The asylum given to people who were easily vulnerable helped reduce the suffering of weak Muslims like women and children. In the asylums, people would be given teachings about togetherness and brotherhood, and this in turn strengthened their bond and will to fight for each and help one another. In the Arab-Islamic, there used to exist Islamic institutions known as the Amam which were created to govern the members of the Islamic faith. The institution came up with the laws that people would follow. The institution meted out punishments to those who failed to abide by the set laws. The institutional leaders gave teachings of the Quran. The elders of the institution would be responsible for the recruiting members of the public into the army which was to fight for the rights of the Muslims. Dispute among the members of the Muslim faith would be solved at the Amam, and they also helped identify and help a person whom they thought could rule the people. Refugee migrants in the Arab dhimma faced subjection based on the religious backgrounds of the individual persons. Those who had a Muslim background received fairer treatment as opposed to those who had contrary religious views with the indigenous people. Those who believed in other religion would be killed or made slaves of the Islamists. They would be converted to Islam as the leaders found it wise to have them on their side. The Jews hailed from Western Asia

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Criminology - Essay Example 59, 60). Social and economic factors in a person’s life play a significant role in the person’s perception on crime. People from respectable social classes will for example perceive crimes as unethical activities that can lead to loss of social ties with friends and relatives. As a result, these individuals will most likely refrain from involvement in criminal activities. A person with poor social conscience will however not care about the society’s perception over his or her criminal activities. Economic factors are also major causes of crimes. Poverty and unemployment for instance limits people’s capacity to provide for their basic needs and wants. As a result, some people engage in criminal activities in order to get finances for the needs (Messner, 2001). Cultural factors, influenced by peer pressure, are other causes of crime in the society. Association with groups with rebellious characteristics particularly transforms people to behaviors of such cultural groups. With a deviant behavior, a person is likely to disobey law and law enforcement officers resulting in criminal activities. Psychological factors also play a role in a person’s decision towards involvement in a criminal activity. The level of motivation in a person for example defines a person’s objectives and economic initiatives that the individual will engage in. While highly motivated individuals will work hard to develop decent professions, poorly motivated individuals lack the drive. As a result, they fail to establish reliable financial background and resort to criminal activities for survival. Negative aspects of â€Å"social, economic, cultural, and psychological† factors therefore cause criminal activities (Messner, 2001, p. 59, 60). A number of factors such as â€Å"cracking down on crime, education, administration, construction, and correction† prevent crimes (Messner, 2001, p. 60). Cracking down criminal activities,

Essay plan ( management employee relation ) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plan ( management employee relation ) - Essay Example One instrument of improving employee-management relations is by using employee empowerment method. By empowering you mean that you delegate more authority to them and give more power to subordinate. This way they can come up with new ideas and cost cutting methods and firms might not only cut costs but it might also benefit from good relationship with employees. 2. According to a book written by John Gennard on employee relations, employee-management relationship suffers because of different aims of both management and employees. For example, management wants higher profits which includes lowering costs and could lead to downsizing and loss of job for labor. On the other hand, labor wants the security of their jobs and higher wages. The book further states that during recession these aims become more conflicting and the need to maintain cordial relations become more vital. The book recommends that this relationship could be improved by bilateral negotiation between management and labor union and by joint consultation by the both parties before decision making. For example, in recession due to slump in demand your organization cannot pay high labor costs and firing is inevitable. But this can be avoided if management decides to involve labor union in the decision making process.

Anti-Social Personality Disorder and Psychopathy Comparison

Anti-Social Personality Disorder and Psychopathy Comparison What is the distinction between Anti-Social Personality Disorder and Psychopathy? Is this distinction practically useful? The first step in answering such a question would be to define the terms, it is here that the first problem is encountered. On consulting Rycroft (1977, p.12) it appears that â€Å"behaviour disorder is a psychiatric diagnostic term embracing psychopathy† This definition paraphrases that contained in the fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders referred to by Hare(1993 p.24). In addition to being enduring patterns of markedly deviant behaviour, the characteristics are first diagnosed as a disorder in adolescence or early adulthood. The American definition judges anti social behaviour disorder by what is done. A vastly different definition can be found in Home Office Research Document 225 (Moran Hagell 2001), where, what is put forward, is acceptable behaviour, once again, specifically in adolescents. Thus the Home Office/NHS definition of anti social behaviour is one in which adolescents fail to meet the set of criteria that would identify them as functioning normally. They are judged by what they fail to do. In this document Moran and Hagell do go on to define anti-social personality disorder as an extreme form of anti-social behaviour. They also make a very important distinction, â€Å"anti-social behaviour is what people do whilst anti-social personality disorder is what people have. Psychopathy is a psychiatric and medico legal term for what used to be called moral  imbecility. Despite the fact that Cleckley (1952) suggests that the term psychopathic personality was replaced by personality disorder, it was still in use by the medico-legal authorities in England and Wales as evidenced by its use in the Mental Health Act 1959 where it was defined as: â€Å"a persistent disorder or disability of mind (whether or not including sub normality of  intelligence) which results in abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct  on the part of the patient, and requires or is susceptible to medical treatment† In common with anti-social personality disorder, psychopathy is something that a person has rather than does. This distinction from other deviant or socially unacceptable behaviour allows for the treatment of offenders in special hospitals. If these definitions are not sufficient to confuse, in the United States of America the terms psychopath and socio path are used interchangeably. Hare (1993 pp 23-24) condemns this practice and contrary to a large body of medical opinion posits that the terms anti-social personality disorder and psychopathy are not interchangeable either. Hare (1993 p.22) suggests that the confusion and uncertainty surrounding the term psychopathy for which he claims a literal meaning of â€Å"mental illness† is largely due to inappropriate and irresponsible use of the term by the media. According to Hare,(1993 pp34-70) the difference between anti-social personality disorder and psychopathy is that the former refers primarily to a cluster of criminal and antisocial behaviours whilst the latter is a syndrome defined by a cluster of both personality traits and socially deviant behaviours. He has produced a list of key symptoms of psychopathy. Hare shows that the criteria for diagnosis of psychopathy is, or should be, different, and following on from this, it can be seen that whilst most criminals are not psychopaths many criminals will have some degree of anti-social personality disorder. If the distinction between psychopathy and anti social personality disorder was universally agreed and referred to in the treatment of offenders then it might have a practical usefulness. Alas this is not the case, even the criteria for determining psychopathy cannot be agreed. In 1995 Prins as quoted by Bartlett and Sandland (2003 p311) added further indicators to the criteria for diagnosis. Does this mean that some offenders have previously been misdiagnosed? The distinction that Hare continues to make between psychopathy and anti-social behaviour is not universally accepted. In England, the medical profession are slowly beginning to contest the insistence of separating psychopathy from anti-social personality disorders. Bartlett and Sandland (2000 pp48-51) point to the fact that Section 1(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983 defines the terms used in the Act and whilst they accept the definition of other terms in the sub section they strongly contest the validity of the definition of psychopathic disorder. They base their argument on the fact that the criteria for definition are not distinct from the results of that behaviour. They argue that: â€Å"abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct does not merely characterise the  malady; they are indistinguishable from it, at least in current medical understanding†. They suggest that the medical profession consider the term psychopathy outdated and prefer instead to speak of anti-social or dis-social personality disorder. It is not only within England and Wales that there is disagreement, the mental health legislation in Scotland and Northern Ireland does not distinguish between psychopathy and anti-social behaviour disorder. Even amongst the legal and medical establishments of Great Britain and Northern Ireland there is no agreement. Gough (1968) suggests that the concept of psychopathy can be traced to the work of J. C. Pritchard who in 1885 classified psychiatric disorders into two broad categories, moral and intellectual sanity. Pritchard referred to aberrations of the conative and emotional areas of the brain. That Pritchards thinking affected other health professionals can be inferred from the work of Grob (1994 pp149-150) in which he recounts the history of Boston Psychopathic Hospital which opened in 1912. Amongst the variety of deviant types who were treated there, were prostitutes and juvenile delinquents. By current definitions these types indulge in anti-social behaviour but without further in-depth diagnosis neither would be classed as psychopathic. Perhaps this type of thinking was influenced by Ceasare Lombroso (1876) who claimed that the heavy punishments of his day could not be justified by the effect they might have, because the behaviour of those who committed crime could not be changed. They were born criminals. In an age of more enlightened approach towards criminality Fennell and Yeates (1999) propose that there is undoubtedly a moral hierarchy of mental disorder. They suggest that in crude terms the mentally ill are divided into afflicted or deserving mad whilst people with anti social personality disorder; and the definition which includes psychopathy is assumed here; are seen as the bad mad or undeserving mad. Unfortunately it seems that this classification of the mentally ill, fuelled by the media has developed a strong and negative influence on popular perceptions of those mental disorders which are identified by anti-social behaviour. The theory of criminal behaviour proposed by Eysenck in 1964 muddies the water even further Peck and Whitlow(1979) examine his claims that extroverts are more likely to show more criminal behaviour. Although a later study by Cochrane in 1974 discredited this conclusion it does point to an over emphasis on which type of people are prone to anti-social behaviour rather than why anti-social behaviour occurs. At least Hare (1993) makes an attempt to explain why psychopathy occurs in certain individuals, he suggests that something is missing and that this something is conscience. A dictionary definition of conscience would include, moral sense, the sense of right and wrong. It is this sense which is missing in the psychopath. In psychology the notion of conscience is closely related to the psychoanalytic theories of Freud. Wrightsman (1997) explains how these theories have contributed to social psychology and particularly the understanding of the socialisation of the individual. He explains that the contents of the superego are distilled from the influences of parents, teachers and other persons and eventually become internalised as conscience. Braithwaite (2003 p394-395) in his work on re-integrative shaming suggests that conscience is what prevents most people from committing crime rather than the deterrence of punishment. He suggests that societies which replace much of punishment, as a means of social control, with shaming and appeals to the better natures of people, have less crime. The argument continues that punishment should be reserved for the psychopaths because they are beyond shaming. The problem arises once again that punishment will not deter further offending. The psychopath will play the game whilst confined but on release, because of his inability to learn from experience, will continue to offend. Braithwaites suggestion indicates that our prisons should be full of psychopaths which is clearly not the case. If this argument was put forward in respect of people suffering from anti-social personality disorder it would be more credible. The notion of born criminal continues and to compound the problem further Graft (1961) suggested that there is probably more than one type of psychopath, he included, brain damaged, affectionless, emotionally unstable and impulsive. To this list can be added the sexual psychopath (Dobson 1981). Without actually using this phrase Marshall and Barbaree (1990) as cited by Ward, Polaschek and Beech ( 2006 pp33-45) suggest similarities between psychopaths and sexual offenders, notably that both groups are likely to have experienced physical and sexual abuse as children. Although there may be some similarities between types, not all sexual offenders are psychopaths, nor are all psychopaths sexual offenders. Such indiscriminate use of the term psychopath is not helpful and probably only serves to fuel the belief that nothing can be done to alleviate the condition. As late as 1976 Cleckley, whose work is discussed by Hare(1993 pp27-28) suggested that since psychopaths cannot benefit from exp erience there is little that can be done for them. Perhaps this pessimistic view stems from the belief that the onset of anti social personality disorder occurs in adolescence or early adulthood. Hare (1999) cites the work of sociologist William McCord in which it was concluded that although attempts to deflect a person from psychopathic patterns in early life had not been successful, there was hope for those programmes in which an individuals social and physical environment was completely changed. McCord appears to have recognised that sufferers from anti-social behaviour disorder are not born bad but might be made bad as a result of early life experiences. This suggestion appears to be born out by the work of Rutter et al (2007) with Romanian adoptees who had suffered trauma as a result of institutional deprivation. Rutter and his colleagues have shown that the early influences in life, particularly the influence or lack of parental care, can have profound effects on the development of the child. It is not suggested that early separation from the mother automatically causes anti-social behaviour disorder, but Rutter and his colleagues have shown that adverse early life experiences do cause trauma and disruption of emotional and psychological development, what has been described as the primal wound. What is important about studies of adopted institutionalised children is that whilst their behaviour is what they do, it can be linked to the trauma they have suffered and to the resultant emotional and psychological problems that they have. Optimistically Rutter believes that even when emotional and socialising deprivation has occurred, it can be addressed, and the sooner it is addressed, the greater the chances of the abandoned child leading a relatively normal life. He found that those children who had been institutionalised for less than six months fared better than those who had been institutionalised for a longer period. Rutter and his colleagues discovered that children in their sample who had suffered institutional deprivation in Romania had greater problems than those from Romania who had not been in an institution, or children who had been adopted from within the U.K. It was noted that IQ and inattention had a negative effect on scholastic attainment, the children exhibited autistic like patterns, possibly a response to profound lack of interpersonal interactions and conversations. These children also suffered dis-inhibited attachment, inattention/over-activity problems and emotional and conduct disturbances. The findings concerning scholastic attainment are borne out by research conducted by Beckett et al (2007). When considering the work of Goldfarb (1943) as cited by Woods (2004) the foregoing should not be surprising, his research showed that institutionalised children show higher levels of aggressive behaviour and score lower in IQ and sociability tests than non institutionalised children but these problems were more severe for those children who remained in the orphanage for longer. A few years later Bowlbys (1951) maternal deprivation hypothesis suggested that a failed or damaged attachment was likely to cause long term difficulties for a child. Despite the fact that Bowlbys research was criticised as being flawed, Woods (2004) reveals that his emphasis on bonding and attachment has been held to be correct by Michael Rutter(1982) If the foregoing is examined in the light of the NHS/Health Advisory Service indicators of 1995, that is; a capacity to enter into and sustain mutually satisfying personal relationships, continuing progression of psychological development, an ability to play and learn so that attainments are appropriate for age and intellectual level, a developing moral sense of right and wrong, and a degree of psychological distress and maladaptive behaviour being within the normal limits for the childs age and context, it could be argued that unless these problems are resolved such children might be in danger of exhibiting anti-social behaviour and/or developing anti-social personality disorder. This hypothesis is stated to make the point that a lack of clear definition, and aetiology in the study and management of anti-social behaviour disorder and psychopathy, if indeed the two are separate, only serves to encourage much more speculative explanations of behaviour. There is perhaps a belief that it is unreasonable to label a child as a psychopath and if this is one of the reasons that the British medical establishment prefer the designation anti-social personality disorder then this is beneficial, particularly if it prompts recognition that symptoms of the disorder are recognisable at a very early age. Certainly the research of Goldfarb, Bowlby, Rutter and others has  shown that causes for anti-social behaviour in children can be identified and responded to, the earlier the response the greater the chance of effecting fundamental change. Experimental data concerning the effects on animals of enriched and impoverished environments is readily available and supports the conclusions based on observations of adopted children. Boddy (1981pp205-208 ) describes experiments carried out by Bennet et al in 1964 in which it was found that rats from age twenty five days to eighty days reared in an enriched environment had cerebral cortices which were thicker and heavier than rats of the same age reared in impoverished environments. This study was complemented by work conducted by Krech et al in 1962. This study found that differences in learning ability correlated with structural and biochemical differences induced in the cerebral cortex as a result of exposure to different environments. Obviously similar experimentation on the human brain is unacceptable and the only evidence available is from the post mortem examination of human brains. Boddy points to the study of the brain of a blind deaf mute carried out by Donaldson (1980) which was found to have atrophied visual and auditory areas. Sight and sound were missing as a result of defects in the corresponding areas of the brain. If, as the studies with institutionalised children appear to show early damage due to a deprived environment may be repairable, why does there appear to be permanence of psychopathy or anti-social behaviour disorder in adults? The psychopathic personality scores high as an extrovert and Boddy (1981 p253) quotes Grays work of 1972 in pointing out that the extrovert is not readily conditionable because the septo-hippocampal system which inhibits responses that have been punished or have failed to elicit reward is relatively insensitive. There is more than a suggestion here that conscience, guilt and remorse are missing in the psychopathic personality because of a defect in the septo-hippocampal system. Because of their psychological profile psychopaths and people suffering from anti-social behaviour disorder are unlikely to seek out or even believe that they need therapy. If this class of person is forced into undergoing therapy, for example by the justice system, they are unlikely to take an active part in their treatment. It could be argued that their belief systems are so entrenched that they cannot be changed. Aitkenhead and Slack (1985 p323) suggest that we acquire a large body of knowledge over a lifetime and that this knowledge is incorporated into our belief systems which then affects our interactions with society. It maybe that certain information has to be acquired at specific times in life. Body (1981 p208) points to the work of the ethologist Nash in 1970 which has wide support amongst psychologists. Nash suggested that the external stimuli for many crucial events in development must occur within critical periods. If this is true then it would explain why adults with psychopathic personality disorder or anti-social personality disorder do not, indeed cannot respond to therapy. If the window of opportunity for essential socialising influences can be identified then steps can be taken to ensure the necessary conditions for socialisation are present. In the absence of this information an assumption that these conditions should be available from birth or as soon as possible afterwards may eliminate or reduce the instances of psychopathy and anti-social behaviour disorder. There is no doubt that anti-social behaviour disorder and psychopathic personality disorder cause problems for society and for the individuals concerned. Even here there is no clear understanding of the immensity of the problem. Rutter, Gillo and Hagell (1998) suggest that obtaining accurate data on which to assess the state of the problem that anti -social behaviour poses is also problematical. There is no single source of data concerning anti-social behaviour, therefore data has to be drawn from official statistics, criminal records, victim surveys and self report data which means that research is based on estimates rather than facts. What is the distinction between Anti-Social Personality Disorder and Psychopathy? Is this distinction practically useful? It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine if there is any real distinction between these two afflictions or if there is only one malady with two or more names. Hare(1993 pp34-70) does make a distinction between anti-social personality disorder and psychopathy in that one refers primarily to a cluster of criminal and antisocial behaviours whilst the other is a syndrome defined by a cluster of both personality traits and socially deviant behaviours. Hares view seems to be in the minority. The continued distinction appears to have no practical use at all. Scotland and N.Ireland seem to manage quite well without making a legal distinction. A universal adoption of the term anti-social behaviour disorder or better still, psychopathy in its original meaning of â€Å"mental illness† might have more practical use if it removed the sad/bad madness dichotomy. M ore accurate collection of data would obviously help to obtain a clearer understanding of the extent of the problem. The practice of waiting until adolescence or early adulthood before diagnosis,when previous research indicates that at this point nothing can be done to change behaviour, seems to be insane. In the light of the work conducted by Nash, Goldfarb, Bowlby, Rutter and others, the sane, the moral, thing to do would be to diagnose as early as possible after birth and then put measures in place to ensure that all developmental milestones are achieved. What the affliction is called is not nearly as important as its treatment. References Bartlett P. Sandford R. (2003) Mental Health Law, Policy Practice. (2nd Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beckett C. Maughan B. Rutter M. Castle J. Colvert E. Groothues C. Hawkins A. Kreppner J. OConnor T.G. Stevens S. Sonuga-Barke E.J. (2007). Scholastic Attainment Following Severe Early Institutionalised Deprivation: A study of Children Adopted from Romania. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 1063-1073 Retrieved 1 November 2008 from e-prints Soton, University of Southampton. Boddy J. (1981) Brain Systems and Psychological Concepts. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Braithwaite J. (1996) Re-integrative Shaming. In McLaughlin E. Muncie J. Hughes G. (Ed) Criminological Perspectives 293-299. London: Sage. Dobson A.P. (1981) Cases and Statutes on Criminal Law (2nd Ed). London: Sweet and Maxwell. Gabor T (1986) The Prediction of Criminal Behaviour. Toronto: Toronto University Press. Gough H.G. (1968) A Sociological Theory of Psychopathy in Spitzer S.P. Dervain. N.K. (Ed). The Mental Patient:Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: McGraw Hill (1968) 60-67. Grob M. (1994) The Mad Among Us. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Hare R.D. (1999) Without Conscience.The Disturbing World of the Psychopath Among Us. New York: Guildford Press. Moran P. Hagell A (2001) . Intervening to Prevent Anti-Social Personality Disorder. Home Office Research Study 255. London. Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate Retrieved Home Office Data Base October 31, 2008 from www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/hors225.pdf Peck D. Whitlow D.(1975) Approaches to Personality Theory. London: Methuen. Rycroft C. (1977) A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Rutter M. Beckett C. Castle J. Colvert E. Kreppner J. Mehta M. (2007) Effects of Profound Early Institutional Deprivation: An Overview of Findings from a U.K. Longitudinal Study of Romanian Adoptees. European Jouurnal of Developmental Psychology 4(3) 332-350 Rutter M. Gillo H. Hagell A. (1998) Antisocial Behaviour by Young People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ward T. Polaschek D.L.L. Beech A.R. (2006) Theories of Sexual Offending. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Wrightsman L.S. (1972) Social Psychology (2nd Ed). Monterey Cal: Brookes Cole Publishing.

Spontaneous Human Combustion :: essays research papers

For as yet scientifically unknown reasons, times occur when an unsuspecting person can just burst into flames and be incinerated. This is referred to in the scientific world as Spontaneous Human Combustion or SHC. There are many documented cases throughout history. The earliest cases go as far back as the early 16th century. Then there are the ones that are as recent as 1998 but have no better explanation of what happen then the ones in the 16th century did. There are truly only two types of cases: fatal and non-fatal. The fatal cases of SHC represent three-quarters of all the reported incidents. The most common of these cases is the famous "bedroom burnings" in which a victim is found as a pile of ashes with only limbs remaining. These burnings a characterized by five main features: 1) The victim’s body and clothing is mostly reduced to ash. 2) Small portions of the body (an arm, a foot, maybe the head) remain unburned. 3) Only objects immediately associated with the body have burned; the fire never spread away from the body. 4) A greasy soot deposit covers the ceiling and walls, usually stopping three to four feet above the floor. 5) Objects above this three to four foot line show signs of heat damage (melted candles, cracked mirrors, etc.); objects below this line show o damage. These cases are the ones that mass media tend to cover most and is what most people think of when they hear about spontaneous human combustion. Nearly half of the cases are "bedroom burnings" Another common case under the fatal category are the witnessed combustions, in which people are actually seen by witnesses to burst into flames. Most of the time witnesses claim that there was no other source of ignition and/or the flames were seen to come directly from the victim’s skin. These cases present the fact that maybe SHC has more to do with the supernatural than science. Unfortunately, most of theses cases are poorly documented and usually unconfirmed. The second major type of SHC is the non-fatal cases. The victims usually don’t know anymore than the investigators do. The good thing about this is that the victims are alive to tell about what happened and cause most SHC skeptics to take a look at the picture again. Non-fatal cases usually incorporate one or more of the following features. The most common is the mysterious flames. This is where a victim will just begin to emit flames form their body.

Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events

Describe concept of faunal succession and use of fossils in correlation and in the subdivision of Earth history. -Principle of Faunal Succession: Strata of Eke age can be recognized by the fossils they contain even if the outcrops of strata are separated by large distances geographically, this only works because species have evolved through time C] older forms of life die out and new forms develop -using the appearance and disappearance of fossils to subdivide geological time Is the science of physiotherapyD. Recognize the qualities that make fossils useful in physiotherapy. – Physiotherapy: each fossil species is said to have a range through geological time 0 it exists in the geological record from the point that it evolves to the point that it becomes extinct E. Identify important historical figures in the development of stereography and physiotherapy. Archbishop of Armada, James Usher (1581-1665) calculated the Earth to be 6000 years old by adding up all the dates mentioned in the Bible and arrived at a date of October 22, 4004 BC as the creation of planet Earth (hard to accept by many people) -Late asses and asses scientists started to conclude that the Earth Is ancient and had undergone much change throughout Its history. This George Xavier (1769-1832) examined the remains of mammoths in Europe concluding they were a once living species that had become extinct F.Appreciate the scale of changes that can occur over geological time scales. – Geological time scale – to represent the changing character of the Earth through time, fossils were used to correlate between different regions and characterize particular periods of Earth's history -Today we have a time scale that divides and bedsides Earth's 4. 6 billion years into various time periods G. List some of the major subdivisions/ ages of the geological time scale and appreciate the relative scale between the Phonetics and the Precambrian.This is due to an extraordinary proliferation of f ossils at the base of the Phonetics in a period called the Cambrian. -Most creatures with hard parts like shells, teeth, and internal skeletons evolved here as they fossil much more readily than soft-bodied creatures -In addition to an increasing biodiversity as new species evolved, many of the new â€Å"hard part creatures† would more readily form fossils. H. Understand how extinction events are linked to the structure of the geological time call. Eras are broad subdivisions that are particularly significant as they represent a grouping of geological periods. They represent times when there has been a major change in the Earth's biosphere. -The base of the Phonetics is defined by the emergence of creatures with hard parts. -The base of the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic is based on the emergence of new species following a mass extinction at the top of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic respectively. -The base of all periods is defined on the emergence of radiation of new species l.List s ome of the major developments in the history of life on Earth. ) At least 30% of Earth's species must be lost 2) It must be across a broad range of geologies, not restricted to any one niche. 3) It must have short/sudden duration (around 1 million years maximum) K. List the â€Å"Big Five† mass extinction events and their order through time. 1) Cretaceous / Polygene (Tertiary) (K/Peg), 65 Ma 2) Late -errant's, 205 Ma 3) Perm / Triassic, 251 Ma 4) Late Devotion, 360-375 Ma 5. Late Ordination, 440-450 Ma L. Distinguish between broad extinction-producing phenomena. ) Biological causes: Organisms being brought together that once lived in isolation can cause mass extinctions (ex. Many of the New Zealand ground dwelling bird fauna were devastated when human hunters and then later European mammals (cats, rats, dogs) were introduced) -The three main modes of biologically induced extinctions: a. Competition between creatures occupying the same ecological niche b. (Excessive) Predation : Predators do not have to do the whole Job, Just drive a population to a low enough level then â€Å"random extinction† can complete the extinction.The idea behind a random extinction is that, although the number of individuals in a species may grow and the species may spread over a wide area, thing ensures the permanent survival of a species. C. Pathogens: disease being introduced to an area by incoming plants or animals 2) Earth-based causes: Extinctions influenced by Earth-based tectonic processes may be caused by changes in continental configuration or changes in atmospheric composition a. Changes in continental configuration: changes in the distribution of continents can have a profound effect.Two major effects of continental configurations: -Changes in climate, ocean cyclist, sea level. Weather patterns and the movement of the oceans are directly linked to the distribution of continents. The Late Ordination extinction -The greater the landmass the lower the diversity. At the moment we have a relatively high biodiversity. This is in part due to the number of continents that are in effect isolated from one another. In times when there is a high degree of continental fragmentation, evolution can proceed in isolation to produce many different species on different landmasses.If plate tectonics cause the formation of a large interconnected land mass there will be more competition between species and lower biodiversity. 0 The Perm/ Triassic Extinction b. Changes in the atmosphere: volcanic activity can also have severe effects. Gases such as carbon dioxide can cause greenhouse warming and aerosols may cause climatic cooling. These can significantly affect the health of the biota c. Extraterrestrial impacts d. Combination of many factors: it is very unlikely that any one factor would be responsible for a global crisis in the biosphere.M. Describe the late Ordination and Perm-Triassic extinction. -Late Ordination: Australia, moves towards the South Pole d uring the late Ordination causing a severe ice age. As water was locked up in the form of glaciers at the Southern Pole, sea level fell. This may have had a severe effect on creatures that live in the shallow water, lose to the continental margins. As the sea retreated off the continental shelf and into the ocean basis shallow marine ecosystems would have been devastated. The Perm / Triassic Extinction (the WORST day for the Biosphere, 251 Ma): At the end of the Permian, plate tectonics had brought all the continents together to form the super continent of Pangaea -Between 95-98% of all species would go into extinction -It hit both ocean- and land-based ecosystems and was less than 1 million years in duration -Many of the common Paleozoic marine creatures would suffer badly through this extinction including trilobites, barbershops, and crinoids.On land, large amphibians and mammal-like reptiles would be badly effected. -Potential causes of the Perm / Triassic extinction (involves a number of events happening at the same time): 1) Continental configuration: drop in biodiversity. The greater the landmass the greater the competition between species. At the end of the Permian, the superscription of Pangaea or â€Å"all lands† would have brought many species into direct competition. 2) Sea level fall: less ocean ridge activity.Sea floor spreading slowed its pace during the Permian, resulting that the oceanic ridges were smaller in size and displaced less water. Consequently oceans retreated from shallow areas into the deeper basin causing problems for creatures that lived in any remaining shallow marine environments. 3) Oceanic stagnation: The close of the formation of Pangaea saw the end of an ice age. Cold polar waters probably disappeared and ocean circulation slowed or stopped. This would have reduced ventilation of deep ocean waters killing off many deeper marine species.In addition occasional overturn of stagnant water could have brought oxygen poor wa ters to shallower marine communities as well. 4) Climate change: Due to the formation of a large landmass, limited would have been much drier and subject to drought. 5) Siberian Traps: massive volcanic activity in Russia: Around 2-3 million kamala basaltic lava were produced within a million years. Carbon dioxide from the volcanic activity and methane caused by melting of gas hydrates would have resulted in greenhouse warming of the planet.In addition, gas emission from volcanoes would have also produced acid rain effects. 6) Possible impacts: Although still very controversial, it is possible that the Earth suffered impacts from space during this time as well. N. Describe the character of extinctions at the K/Peg boundary. Just as the end of the Permian extinction marked the beginning of a new grouping of periods (the Mesozoic) the end of the Cretaceous extinction is likewise so distinct that it marks the beginning of the latest grouping of periods, the Cenozoic. Characteristics: 1) Over 50% of all species on the planet would go into extinction during the k/Peg extinction event 2) One land, few creatures over 25 keg in weight would survive 3) In general, the extinction was even more severe in the oceans with around 80-90% of marine species including the ammonites and marine reptiles going into extinction -A ether and son scientific team, Louis and Walter Olivarez brought the K/Peg extinction crosses the K/Peg boundary in Gobi, Italy.The I-CM clay layer lies directly on top of the latest Cretaceous rocks and was found to be enriched in the element iridium (very rare at the Earth's surface and yet in this layer was enriched over xx above background 0 has now been recorded in many other sections around the world that straddle the Cretaceous. Polygene boundary) -Iridium is known to exist in higher concentrations in extra-terrestrial objects such as asteroids. Olivarez suggested that he clay layer enriched in iridium has been produced by a meteor or comet over 10 k m in diameter impacting the Earth.He suggested further that this impact may have also been responsible for the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. O. Discuss the evidence used to support the K/Peg impact. 1) Fern spores vs.. Pollen: Ferns are often the first plants to colonize a landscape that has been devastated by fire. In the earliest Polygene (part of what was formerly called the Tertiary), many areas show an increase in fern spores relative to pollen. This suggests that global forest fires may have raged at the end of the Cretaceous paving a landscape open for ferns to spread.This is further supported by high concentrations of soot found around the K/Peg boundary. 2) Tektites: they are thought to be produced during an impact event and they are composed of natural gas. During impact, rock is melted and ejected form the crater. As it travels through the air and cools, it forms characteristic aerodynamic shapes. Many tektites are found at the K/Peg boundary in many different locations, suggesting a massive impact event. 3) Shocked quartz: In many sections around the K/Peg boundary, fragments of the mineral quartz show evidence of multiple fractures.These fractures are thought to be produced when rock is shattered during a high-energy impact. The fragments are called shocked quartz. 4) Tsunami deposits: Tsunami waves leave characteristic sedimentary deposits on inundated shores and as far inland as the waves reach. This feature was found in Mexico, Texas, New Jersey, and the Carolinas suggesting the passage of an enormous wave, far larger than could have been produced by standard tectonic processes.Such a wave could have been generated if an impact had occurred in the ocean. P. Describe the location and probable nature of the K/Peg impact. The distribution of tektites, iridium, shocked quartz, and other potential impact related features was pointing towards a possible centre of activity in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. An oil company had drilled wells in the area and encountered unusual fractures and even melted rock suggesting the area had been subjected to some form of extreme stress. The presence of a crater was finally confirmed when geophysical data revealed a large circular disturbance over km in diameter, the Clubbing Impact Crater -The object responsible for this crater had a shallow angle of entry around 0-30 degrees and is estimated to have been at least 10 km across. -As an analogy, you can think of something the size of Mount Everest hitting the surface of the planet. The energy released by the impact was equivalent to 6. Axes tons of TNT. An estimated 100 kamala of rock was vaporized and released to the atmosphere. Material that wasn't instantly vaporized was thrown out of the crater (the ejects) and Q.Describe the initial and long-term effects of the impact and their environmental consequences. 1) Initial effects (seconds to days) of the impact in the area of the Yucatan Peninsula were significant a. Everything clo se by would have been vaporized b. The intense heat form the blast and the hot debris (including tektites) would have started massive forest fires as suggested by the fern and pollen data c. As the impact occurred partly in the ocean, a massive tsunami would have been generated 2) Longer-term effects (months to decades) of the impact were numerous.Two significant effects were on global temperature and on atmospheric composition. A. Global temperature changes -Dust thrown into the atmosphere would have shut off sunlight for weeks or perhaps months generating a period of cold (a â€Å"Cold House†, lasting weeks to months. The lack of sunlight would also have had severe consequences for plants and photosynthetic algae. -After the dust had settled, water vapor would have remained in the atmosphere acting as a blanket, preventing heat from escaping the Earth. This would have created a greenhouse effect and caused a rise in global temperature. Eventually the excess water vapor woul d be removed by rainfall. However, the temperature of the Earth would continue to rise due to the release of greenhouse gases during impact (a â€Å"Hot House†), lasting years to decades. In particular, carbon dioxide would have been liberated when large quantities of limestone (calcium carbonate, Cacao) would have vaporized during the impact. -The Mesozoic had in general been a warm equable environment. These swings in temperature would have laced a lot of stress on creatures more used to stable climatic conditions. . Acid Rain -High-energy blasts can cause oxygen to combine with nitrogen to form oxides of nitrogen. When these are dissolved in water (ex. Rainfall), it becomes nitric acid. -In addition to the vaporization of limestone as described in (a) above, rocks called evaporates were also vaporized in the blast. Evaporates form when salts precipitate out of solution as the sun evaporates a body of water. This can occur on a vast scale, for example in the Mediterranean S ea, which is closed off at the Strait of Gibraltar.With virtually no input of water from the Atlantic Ocean, high rates of evaporation resulted in the Sea being converted into a vast sultan. This process had also occurred in the Yucatan area. The effect of high-energy blasts on sulfate-rich evaporates is the release of large amounts of sulfur gases. These gases, when dissolved in rainwater, fall to Earth as sulfuric acid. Although the acidity of the nitric- and sulfuric- containing rain was weak and could probably not affect any large animals directly, they would have been affected the acidity of soil and surface ocean.This would have had a devastating effect on plant life and plankton. Thus, the effects from acid rain on the organisms that form the base of the food chain or food web had serious repercussions for all the creatures at higher atrophic levels. R. Consider other potential causes of the K/Peg environmental consequences. -Some scientists remain convinced that another impa ct at the K/Peg boundary (perhaps not loud have been significantly larger than the Clubbing impact, but impacts would NOT have been the only cause.Some factors may be: -During the late Cretaceous, the superscription of Pangaea was starting to fragment. This would have caused changes in oceanic circulation and climate. -Even more significantly, global climate would have been affected by an increase in volcanic activity, in particular, during the formation of the Decca Traps in India, which were highly active at this time. Like the Siberian Traps that occurred at the end of the Permian, this activity would have reduced vast quantities of gases that could have seriously affected the Earth's climate.S. Describe the type and location of potential impostors and rate of meteor influx. 1) Comets are essentially material left over from the formation of the Solar System and are composed of icy material and other debris – effectively â€Å"dirty snowballs† in space. As comets tra vel towards the Sun, the ices vaporize producing the comet's tail. -Two examples of comets are comet Halley, which comes into view of the Earth every 74-79 years, and comet Hale-Bop that was last seen in the night sky in 1997 and will turn in 2380 years. An annual event is the Leonie Meteor Shower, which is visible in Canadian skies in November. This rain of â€Å"shooting stars† is produced as the Earth passes through the debris left behind by comet Temple-Tuttle as it orbits around the sun -There are two comet â€Å"stores† in the Solar System: a) The Keeper belt exists in an area from about the orbit of Neptune to about 50 auk's out (1 AU = 150 million km) -May contain 1 billion (1 x IOWA) comets that are greater than km in diameter. ) The Root cloud is a cloud of comets that exists way beyond the Keeper belt and is only Oakley associated with our sun -May have more than 200 comets with a diameter greater than 500 km with many smaller but still significant in size - It is interesting to note that comets may have been responsible for bringing much of the water and perhaps some of the organic compounds that would lead to the development of life of Earth 2) Asteroids are mostly found in a belt between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.It is speculated that they may represent the material that might have formed another planet early in the history of the Solar System if it were not for the gravitational effects of Jupiter. Some asteroids are solid, rocky to metallic while others are little more than â€Å"rubble piles† in space. Collisions between asteroids could potentially cause them to be redirected into Earth-crossing orbits. Of those so far mapped, a few are over km in diameter, about 1000 have diameters greater than 30 km and 1 million (alexia) with diameters over 1 km T.List some of the major impact features preserved on the Earth's surface and explain why impact craters appear to be rare on Earth. -Around 100 billion (IXIA 1) objects ente r our atmosphere every rush 0 most of these are burned out at a distance of km above the Earth's surface. These objects are commonly traveling around 11-km/ second. At such speeds, the atmosphere acts like a brick wall. If an object enters at a shallow angle, it may skip like a stone being skipped across a pond and fly back out to space -Early in Earth's history, our planet probably suffered on our planetary neighbors' like Mercury.The evidence of this early bombardment is missing on Earth due to processes of erosion and active plate tectonics. -Until recently (sass's) the possibility of impact on Earth's surface was regarded as improbable. -Craters such as Meteor Crater in Arizona and even the craters on the non were held by some to represent extinct volcanoes and not impact craters at all. U. Describe some of the features and processes of crater formation. Gene Shoemaker was to change this view by studying features such as the material thrown out of a crater (ejects), shocked quar tz, and chemical anomalies, which demonstrated extra-terrestrial origins for these features. -With the aid of satellite imagery, we are now beginning to identify more craters on the surface of our planet. V. Provide examples of Canadian Impact Craters. -Manicuring impact crater (Northern Quebec) – formed about 214 Ma in the Late Triassic. It is km in diameter but was probably as wide as km before glacial erosion stripped away the upper levels. This impact even is thought to be associated with 4 others including Saint Martin Crater (Manitoba) – 40 km in diameter and Architecture Crater (France) – 25 km in diameter. -When the continents are reassembled into their locations during the late Triassic all these craters line up along 22. 8 degrees North latitude over a distance of 462 km. -It is thought that this almost improbable alignment may actually represent a fragmented body that generated several impacts. It is interesting to note that although the effects of th is impact would have been severe, it is not associated with a major mass extinction event W. Describe the hypothesis proposed by Rap and Sheepskin. -They analyzed the number of mass extinctions during the Phonetics and concluded that every 25 million years there was severe stress on the biosphere, sometimes associated with a mass extinction event -There is no known terrestrial geological process that could cause this frequency of problems for the biosphere.So it was suggested that an extraterrestrial source may be to blame 0 comets in the Root cloud were cited as being the most likely culprit -Rap and Sheepskin's hypothesis suggests that every 25-26 million years, something shifts the Root cloud, which causes some comets to fall in towards the Sun and a possible impact with the Earth 0 for this to work, we need to identify a gravity source that can cause disturbances in the cloud on a regular 25 million year basis: 1) Nemesis – Companion Star: This hypothesis proposes that ou r Sun has a companion star way beyond the outer limits of our Solar System whose orbit brings it close to the Root cloud every 25 million years.The gravitational effects of this close pass could cause comets to fall into the inner Solar System. If this body was a red dwarf star or even a black hole, it might be difficult to detect, but even though powerful telescopes such as Hubble have the Nemesis hypothesis, this has an astronomical body (Planet X) that causes shifts in the Root cloud as it orbits around the Sun. In this case, the body y is a planet lying within the bounds of the Root cloud but outside the Keeper belt. Again, no evidence of such a planet has been found. 3) Movement Through the Galactic Plane: In the same way that our planet orbits the Sun, so our Solar System orbits around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.Galaxies are not Just flat pancakes of stars, they also have â€Å"thickness† -In addition to traveling around our galaxy, our Solar System is also movi ng up and down through it, Every 25-26 million years we pass through the densest part of the galaxy, which contains a higher number of stars and also the most gravitational effects. It is proposed that it is this movement through the dense part of the galactic plane that is responsible for the shifts in the Root cloud and thereby a potential impact related biosphere crisis every 25 million years or so. X. List and describe some recent impacts and â€Å"near misses†. ) Tunas, Siberia None 30, 1908): A large explosion about km above the surface attributed to an extraterrestrial object breaking up I the atmosphere (which is why no crater was found).Fortunately, the area was not populated but people and horses km away were knocked off their feet. The shock wave from the blast traveled around the Earth twice. -In Scotland and Sweden, a light appeared in the sky so bright that you could read books at am without the aid of artificial light. It has been suggested that this might have been a fragment of comet Neck, which was passing close by the Earth at hat time -Over 80 million trees were knocked over covering an area about kamala (compare the area of the Tunas devastation to that of the area occupied by Washington, D. C. ) 2) Asteroid near misses: 1989, 1996, 2009, 2011 -March 22, 1989: A mm asteroid misses Earth by 6 hours.